International Court of Justice Ruling on Climate Change
Climate change is a human rights crisis, and countries have a legal duty to act, write Jennifer S Martin and colleagues.
Over the past two years, several milestones on climate change have converged. The World Health Assembly adopted a dedicated resolution on climate change and health in summer 2024, followed by the Global Action Plan on Climate Change and Health 2025-2028, adopted at the 78th World Health Assembly in May 2025.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion in July 2025, affirming that states have binding legal obligations to prevent considerable environmental harm, cooperate in good faith to tackle climate change, and ensure that their nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement reflect the “highest possible ambition”.
This ruling emphasizes the importance of states' obligations to human and planetary health.
Author's summary: Court ruling affirms states' climate duties.
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