Climate resilience in the Philippines starts with accountability, as undelivered flood-control projects and collusion undermine efforts to combat climate change.
The Philippines is highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons, monsoon rains, sea-level rise, and persistent flooding.
Historian Karl Jacoby refers to this as 'moral ecology', where disasters are explained in moral terms and blame is assigned.
This has led to public calls for discipline, with vulnerability to disaster blamed on individual shortcomings, such as lack of foresight or civic responsibility.
Author's summary: Climate resilience in the Philippines requires accountability.